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Machine generated contents note: pt. I Overview and assessment of hydrocarbon fuel conversion processes 1.Characterization and preparation of biomass, oil shale and coal-based feedstocks / O. Trass 1.1.Introduction 1.2.Types and properties of feedstock 1.3.Coal feedstock characterization and requirements 1.4.Coal cleaning and preparation techniques 1.5.Coal slurry fuels 1.6.Future trends 1.7.Sources of further information and advice 1.8.References 2.Production, properties and environmental impact of hydrocarbon fuel conversion / J. G. Speight 2.1.Introduction 2.2.Production of hydrocarbon fuels 2.3.Properties of hydrocarbon fuels 2.4.Use and energy efficiency 2.5.Environmental impact 2.6.Toxicity hazards 2.7.Future trends in fuels production and properties 2.8.References 3.Life cycle assessment (LCA) of alternative hydrocarbon fuel conversion / S. Li 3.1.Introduction 3.2.Life cycle assessment: environmental, energetic and techno-economic issues 3.3.Life cycle assessment of fuel conversion routes and alternative feedstock utilisation 3.4.Conclusions and future trends 3.5.Sources of further information and advice 3.6.References pt. II Solid hydrocarbon fuel processing and technology 4.Direct liquefaction (DCL) processes and technology for coal and biomass conversion / C. Song 4.1.Introduction 4.2.Feedstocks for direct liquefaction 4.3.Basics of coal and biomass/lignin reaction chemistry 4.4.Process variables: coal rank, solvent, catalyst, temperature, pressure and residence time in direct liquefaction (DCL) 4.5.Known process technologies 4.6.Product output and quality issues 4.7.Process control and modeling techniques 4.8.Advantages and limitations 4.9.Future trends in direct coal liquefaction 4.10.Sources of further information and advice 4.11.References 5.Gasification process technology / C. Higman 5.1.Introduction 5.2.Gasification in the refinery environment 5.3.Basic principles 5.4.Building blocks for complete systems 5.5.Hydrogen and power plant as an example of a complete system 5.6.Advantages and limitations 5.7.Future trends 5.8.Sources of further information and advice 5.9.References 6.Pyrolysis processes and technology for the conversion of hydrocarbons and biomass / Xiao Y. Lim 6.1.Introduction 6.2.Applicable feedstocks 6.3.Process technology 6.4.Basic reactions 6.5.Thermodynamics/reaction kinetics 6.6.Catalyst and solvent utilization 6.7.Conclusion and future trends 6.8.References 7.Biomass catalysis in conventional refineries / J. Iglesias 7.1.Introduction 7.2.Biomass feedstock: availability and diversity 7.3.Catalytic cracking of biomass feedstock 7.4.Hydrotreating of biomass feedstock 7.5.Production of conventional liquid fuels from sugars 7.6.Futtire trends 7.7.References pt. III Liquid hydrocarbon fuel processing and technology 8.Sulfur removal from heavy and light petroleum hydrocarbon by selective oxidation / E. Sayed 8.1.Introduction 8.2.Background 8.3.Oxidative desulfurization chemistry 8.4.Conclusions 8.5.References 9.Partial oxidation (POX) processes and technology for clean fuel and chemical production / K. Leiviska 9.1.Introduction 9.2.Process technology and methods of partial oxidation (POX) 9.3.Basic partial oxidation reactions 9.4.Catalysts utilized 9.5.Process control and modelling techniques 9.6.Advantages, limitations and optimization 9.7.Future trends 9.8.References 10.Hydroconversion processes and technology for clean fuel and chemical production / P. R. Robinson 10.1.Introduction to petroleum refining 10.2.Environmental protection 10.3.Hydroconversion overview 10.4.Economics of hydroconversion 10.5.Chemistry of hydroconversion 10.6.Supported-metal hydroconversion catalysts 10.7.Commercial hydroconversion units 10.8.Future trends in hydroconversion 10.9.References pt. IV Gaseous hydrocarbon fuel processing and technology 11.Middle distillate fuel production from synthesis gas via the Fischer-Tropsch process / J.H.M. Font Freide 11.1.Introduction 11.2.Process technology 11.3.Basic principles of the reaction process 11.4.Catalyst utilisation 11.5.Product upgrading and quality issues 11.6.Process modelling and control 11.7.Advantages, limitations and optimisation for synthetic middle distillate fuels 11.8.Future trends 11.9.Sources of further information and advice 11.10.References 12.Methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) production from synthesis gas / D. Seddon 12.1.Introduction 12.2.Process technology and new innovations 12.3.Basic principles of methanol synthesis 12.4.Catalysts 12.5.Product quality 12.6.Estimation of production costs 12.7.Future trends 12.8.Sources of further information and advice 12.9.References 13.Advances in water-gas shift technology: modern catalysts and improved reactor concepts / E. V. Rebrov 13.1.Introduction 13.2.Modern reactor concepts 13.3.Advanced catalytic systems 13.4.Conclusions and future trends 13.5.References 14.Natural gas hydrate conversion prpcesses / A. H. Johnson 14.1.Introduction 14.2.Factors important for hydrate conversion 14.3.Resource potential 14.4.Conversion processes 14.5.Advantages, limitations and optimization 14.6.Future trends 14.7.Sources of further information and advice 14.8.References pt. V Operational issues and process improvement in hydrocarbon fuel processing plant 15.Environmental degradation in hydrocarbon fuel processing plant: issues and mitigation / F. Ropital 15.1.Introduction 15.2.Types of degradation and their main locations 15.3.Protection and mitigation technologies 15.4.Plant management techniques 15.5.Future trends 15.6.Sources of further information and advice 15.7.References 16.Automation technology in hydrocarbon fuel processing plant / S. El Ferik 16.1.Introduction 16.2.Automation technology survey: from exploration to processing 16.3.Fundamentals of process control 16.4.Control design 16.5.Future trends in automation technology 16.6.Working towards a broader integration of control and operation 16.7.Conclusions 16.8.References 17.Advanced process control for clean fuel production: smart plant of the future / M. Rashid Khan 17.1.Introduction 17.2.Incentives for smart process control technologies 17.3.Smart instrumentation of the future 17.4.Advanced process control (APC) and optimization solutions 17.5.Model predictive control technology (MPC) 17.6.Real-time optimization (RTO) technology 17.7.Control performance monitoring (CPM) 17.8.Driving future innovation, sustainability and performance in process control technologies 17.9.References 18.Process modeling for hydrocarbon fuel conversion / T. Eldredge 18.1.Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling techniques 18.2.Empirical modeling techniques 18.3.Process flow models 18.4.Chemical kinetic modeling 18.5.References.